Executive Summary
The China-India border standoff that began in May 2020 continues to date at various friction points in the mountainous terrain of Ladakh in the Himalayas. A deadly clash between Indian and Chinese troops in the Galwan Valley in June 2020, which was the worst fighting in over four decades and resulted in casualties on both sides, has come to define the crisis. Almost two years into the standoff, there is still little clarity on its fundamental cause. Much of the existing discourse is unable to provide a complete picture of or explanation for the development….
