The effect of metabolism-related lifestyle and clinical risk factors on digestive system cancers in East Asian populations: a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis

MR design

This study was conducted according to the STROBE-MR guidelines^11,12. MR was designed based on three assumptions: (1) Relevance assumption: genetic variants are significantly associated with metabolism-related lifestyle and clinical risk factors; (2) Independence assumption: genetic variants are independent of other confounding factors for DSCs; (3) Exclusion restriction assumption: genetic variants affect DSCs only through metabolism-related lifestyle and clinical risk factors¹³ (Fig. 1). Due to the wide variety of metabolism-related lifestyle and clinical risk factors, we have…